Karakteristike proizvodnje semena povrća u Srbiji

Seed production in the Republic of Serbia is a very important sector of agriculture. This production is taking place in public and private sector. Although seed production in Serbia can meet domestic demands, a certain amount of seed is being imported. Unfortunately, some vegetable producers (except for organic, dynamic or bio production) use a certain amount of vegetable seeds from their own mercantile production. Crops produced from such seed generate low yields due to poor seed quality (varietal impurity, low germination) and health. The study covered four years (2007-2010) and the surfaces under the vegetable crops aimed for seed production: 2007 (956 ha of seed produced in Serbia of which 64.9 ha produced by the Institute for Vegetable crops); 2008 (1152 in Serbia, 137 ha the Institute); 2009 (1219 ha in Serbia, 242.1 ha the Institute); 2010 (976 ha in Serbia, 198.7 the Institute).Proizvodnja semena je veoma bitna sa aspekta održivosti poljoprivrede jedne zemlje. U današnjoj eri sekvencioniranja, mapiranja i nadasve zaštite istraženih sekvenci, ovakve tendencije predstavljaju mogućnost za objektivnu zavisnost od istraživača (vlasnika) koji su odredili pojedine sekvence odgovorne za nasleđivanje pojedinih - traženih osobina novoselekcionisanih sorata. Posebno poglavlje ove problematike predstavljaju i GMO organizmi i njihova prezentacija širokoj proizvodnoj praksi kroz novonastale selekcije. U Republici Srbiji nije dozvoljena upotreba GMO selekcija ali smo svesni da se vrši pritisak na izmenu pozitivnih propisa i dozvolu širenja upotrebe ovih organizama. Semenarstvo Republike Srbije je veoma značajna grana poljoprivredne proizvodnje kojom se u državu slivaju velike količine novca od prodaje semena domaćih selekcija. Povrtarstvo je samo jedan mali segment ove proizvodnje, ali veoma bitan, kako za domaće proizvođače –farmere koji se sve podložniji svetskim trendovima nastupa na organizovanim tržištima a koji zahtevaju određene karakteristike gajenih sorti, tako i za konzumente povrća. Ovi zahtevi savremenog tržišta najčešće su u suprotnosti sa kvalitetom. Današnje semenarstvo Srbije se odvija u državnom i privatnom sektoru. Iako proizvodnja semena može podmiriti domaće potrebe, izvesna količina semena se nabavlja uvozom. Ovaj uvoz je postojao i u vreme zatvorenog tržišta SFRJ, te su smenske kompanije navikle na tržišnu utakmicu. Problem, a iskazala ga je i Evropska Unija svojim zakonima, jeste da jedan deo povrtara, osim za organsku (dinamičku, bio i dr proizvodnju), koriste određene količine semena povrća iz sopstvene merkantilne proizvodnje. Ovakvi usevi ostvaruju niske prinose kako zbog kvaliteta semena (sortna čistoća, klijavost), tako i zbog zdravstvene ispravnosti semena Sortiment povrća koji nastaje u Republici Srbiji stvaran je u agroekološkim uslovima Balkanskog poluostrva te je zato i našlo je tržište širom Balkana, a u poslednje vreme, i Evrope. Cilj ovog rada je da se iskaže učešće u proizvodnji pojedinih povrtarskih vrsta izraženo po površinama i u količinama Instituta za povrtarstvo d.o.o u semenarskoj proizvodnji Srbije. Istraživani ciklus je obuhvatao 4 godine i u njemu je proizvedeno seme povrća na 956 ha 2007 (64.9 ha), 1152 (137) 2008. godine, 1219 ha (242.1ha) 2009. godine i 976 ha (198.7 ha) 2010. godine

Izbor genotipova paradajza na tolerantnost prema suši

Screening collections aimed to make the selection of genotypes tolerant to drought in the vegetative stage of intensive growth of plants, which would start the program selection to obtain recombinant genotypes according to the abiotic factor. The criteria for screening were the diversity of genotypes for the number of sheets of the first flower branches and number of flower branches into the optimal mode of irrigation regime and reduced by 40 % . On the basis of the analysis genotypes: the number of leaves to the first floral branch G 106, 114, 121 and 122 ( 0 % ), and genotype G102, 114, and 125 for the characteristic number of lateral branches.Paradajz je široko prilagođen različitim podnebljima gajenja, međutim, njegov rast i razviće je prilično osetljiv na različite uslove spoljne sredine, uključujući salinitet, sušu, vlagu, ekstremne temperature, mineralne toksičnosti, kao i zagađenje životne sredine. Postoji ograničenje genetske varijacije za abiotičku toleranciju na stres u okviru kultivisanih vrsta i većina komercijalnih sorti se smatraju umereno do veoma osetljive na različite vrste stresa. Ispitivanje je izvršeno na 11 genotipa paradajza poreklom iz populacije domaćih i odomaćenih genotipova prikupljenih iz Srbije, a pripadaju kolekciji paradajza Instituta za povrtarstvo u Smederevskoj Palanci. Skrining kolekcije imao je za cilj da se izvrši izbor genotipova tolerantnih na sušu u vegetativnoj fazi intenzivnog porasta biljaka, čime bi se započeo program selekcije na dobijanje rekombinovanih genotipova prema ovom abiotskom faktoru. Kriterijumi za skrining bili su divergentnost genotipova za broj listova do prve cvetne grane i broj cvetnih grana u: optimalnom režimu navodnjavanja i redukovanom režimu za 40%. Na osnovu izvedenih analiza izdvojeni su genotipovi: za broj listova do prve cvetne grane G 106, 114, 121 i 122 (0%), kao i genotipovi G102, 114, i 125 za osobinu broja bočnih grana koji će predstavljati bazu za dobijanje rekombinovanih genotipova i početak selekcije na otpornost na sušu

Morfološke i hemijske analize novih linija pastrnka (Pastinaca sativa L.) Instituta za povrtarstvo

In Serbia, a parsnip is often grown vegetable gardens and the gardens, grown for thickened roots that is used in spice who spravljanu delicious dishes. This paper presents the results of 12 new genotypes breeding - line parsnip Institute of Vegetable Crops Palanka. Their morphological and chemical characteristics were compared with the standard variety Panonski smooth. In the three-year period from 2009 - of 2012 were analyzed by the following morphological characteristics: the average root weight, the average weight of leaf, root collar diameter , the diameter of the root environment and the emergence of secondary roots. Is determined by the chemical analysis of the dry matter , the total minerals , total sugars , and water. The aim was to examine the quality of new lines parsnip than the standard variety Panonski smooth and select the new lines for the recognition of new varieties of parsnip Institute of Vegetable Crops.Pastrnak (Pastinaca sativa L.) pripada familiji Apiaceae, po svojim prehrambenim i lekovitim svojstvima spada u red najvrednijih povrtarskih kultura. U Srbiji pastrnak je često gajeno povrće po okućnicama i baštama,gaji se radi zadebljalog korena koji se koristi ko začin pri spravljanu ukusnih jela. Koristan je za zdravlje jer poboljšava apetit, pospešuje rad bubrega,deluje na smanjenje krvnog pritiska. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja 12 novo selekconisanih genotipova- linija pastrnka Instituta za povrtarstvo Palanka. Njihove morfološke i hemijske osobine upoređene su sa standardnom sortom Panonski glatki. U trogodišnjem periodu od 2009 – 2012.godine analizirane su sledeće morfološke osobine: prosečna masa korena, prosečna masa lista, prečnik vrata korena, prečnik sredine korena i pojava sekundarnih korenova. Hemijskom analizom određena je suva materija, ukupni minerali, ukupni šećeri i voda. Cilj je bio da se ispita kvalitet novo stvorenih linija pastrnka u odnosu na standarnu sortu Panonski glatki i odaberu nove linije za priznavanje novih sorti pastrnka Instituta za Povrtarstvo

Classification of cattle behaviour using convolutional neural networks

The monitoring of cattle behaviour through sensor systems is gaining importance in the improvement of animal health, fertility and management of large herds. Commercial farms commonly implement accelerometer-based systems to monitor the time an animal spends ruminating, eating and overall activity which informs farmers on the health and fertility status of individual cattle. Ill or injured cattle feed and ruminate less, so tracking the duration and frequency of these states provide key indicators of animal health. Activity is used as a metric for the detection of oestrus (heat) which promotes more efficient fertilisation of dairy and beef cattle, reducing operating costs and increasing profits for farmers. The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility of enhancing the accuracy of estimating multiple classifications derived from acceleration-based activity collars can through Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). CNN models are typically used to classify objects within images, but have been demonstrated to be effective at classifying time-series data across different domains. To evaluate their effectiveness for cattle behaviours classifications, acceleration data was collected from 18 cows across 3 farms using neck-mounted collars which provided 3-axis acceleration values at 10Hz sampling frequency. Each cow was equipped with pressure sensor halters which provided ground truth data of the animal behavioural state, also at 10Hz sampling frequency. The ground truth from the halter allowed the CNN model to be trained to predict a number of key cattle behaviours. The model was then tested on separate data to assess performance. The CNN was able to classify the 3 activity states (rumination, eating and other) with an overall F1 score of 82% compared to reported collar classifications with an overall F1 score of 72%

THE EFFECTS OF AN ERGONOMIC EXERCISE PROGRAM WITH A PILATES BALL ON REDUCING THE RISK OF THE INCIDENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

Introduction: Very few scientists have studied the influence of rehabilitation exercises on lowering the risks of muscular-skeletal disorder incidence (MSD). Therefore, it is necessary to study the influence of these exercise programmes on the prevention of and decrease in the risk of MSD development among schoolchildren. A special programme is based on the education of schoolchildren on ergonomic risks and their prevention by means of specific exercises with a Pilates ball for each recognized MSD, with the assumption that its sixteen-week application will significantly influence the risk of MSD incidence. Methods: The overall sample consisted of 55 students whose chronological age was 11, of both sexes, which was divided into two sub-samples: the experimental group (EG) of 28 students and the control group (CG) of 27 students. The Spinal Mouse with the appropriate programme support was used for the evaluation of muscular-skeletal disorders of the spine in the sagittal and frontal parts (kyphosis, lordosis, thoracic scoliosis). Results and Discussion: The results, following the experimental programme, have shown significantly lowered values of the kyphotic and thoracic scoliotic curve in the experimental group (EG), whereas the condition of the control group (CG) deteriorated, however not with the statistical significance. As for lordosis, there were no significant changes in either group during the experimental treatment. A variance analysis showed that exercises with a Pilates ball programme had statistically significant effects on decreasing MSD with kyphotic and thoracic scoliotic curves but with no significant effects on lordosis as compared to the school exercise programme. Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the analysis of the effects of the specially defined ergonomic programme, in the form of specific exercises with a Pilates ball, is that it leads to the decreased risk of MSD incidence among fourth-grade primary school students. Applied experimental actions had a positive influence on lowering the spine MSD in the case of the experimental group, but that there were no significant changes in the case of the control group

Behavioural classification of cattle using neck-mounted accelerometer-equipped collars

Monitoring and classification of dairy cattle behaviours is essential for optimising milk yields. Early detection of illness, days before the critical conditions occur, together with automatic detection of the onset of oestrus cycles is crucial for obviating prolonged cattle treatments and improving the pregnancy rates. Accelerometer-based sensor systems are becoming increasingly popular, as they are automatically providing information about key cattle behaviours such as the level of restlessness and the time spent ruminating and eating, proxy measurements that indicate the onset of heat events and overall welfare, at an individual animal level. This paper reports on an approach to the development of algorithms that classify key cattle states based on a systematic dimensionality reduction process through two feature selection techniques. These are based on Mutual Information and Backward Feature Elimination and applied on knowledge-specific and generic time-series extracted from raw accelerometer data. The extracted features are then used to train classification models based on a Hidden Markov Model, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. The proposed feature engineering methodology permits model deployment within the computing and memory restrictions imposed by operational settings. The models were based on measurement data from 18 steers, each animal equipped with an accelerometer-based neck-mounted collar and muzzle-mounted halter, the latter providing the truthing data. A total of 42 time-series features were initially extracted and the trade-off between model performance, computational complexity and memory footprint was explored. Results show that the classification model that best balances performance and computation complexity is based on Linear Discriminant Analysis using features selected through Backward Feature Elimination. The final model requires 1.83 ± 1.00 ms to perform feature extraction with 0.05 ± 0.01 ms for inference with an overall balanced accuracy of 0.83

Counsellors and their work with young users of cannabis

Syftet med denna studie var att belysa behandlarens roll och syn när det kommer till ungdomar med cannabisproblematik samt deras upplevelse av ungdomars inställning till samma ämne. Den metod som valdes för detta arbete var av en kvalitativ ansats och den empiriska data som samlades in var med hjälp av intervjuer genom strukturering av låg grad, vilket innebär att respondenterna hade stort utrymme att svara med egna ord. Det som har framkommit under studiens gång är hur ungdomar kommer i kontakt med den hjälpen som de behöver och varför de behöver hjälp med att sluta bruka cannabis. Det framgår även hur mycket alliansskapandet betyder när det kommer till behandlingsarbetet. Andra viktiga saker att poängtera är hur behandlare ska förhålla sig gentemot ungdomarna för att uppnå så goda behandlingsresultat som möjligt. Det som framgått i resultatet är hur behandlare förhåller sig till den svåra balansgången i mötet med ungdom samt hur behandlare upplever unga cannabisbrukare. 

Distinction between interleukin-1-induced necrosis and apoptosis of islet cells

Interleukin (IL)-1 beta is known to cause beta -cell death in isolated rat islets. This effect has been attributed to induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthase in beta -cells and subsequent generation of toxic NO levels; it was not observed, however, in dispersed rat beta -cells. The present study demonstrates that IL-1 beta induces NO-dependent necrosis in rat beta -cells cultured for 3 days at high cell density or in cell aggregates but not as single cells. Its cytotoxic condition is not explained by higher NO production rates but might result from higher intercellular NO concentrations in statically cultured cell preparations with cell-to-cell contacts; nitrite levels in collected culture medium are not a reliable index for these intercellular concentrations. Absence of IL-1-induced necrosis in rat alpha -cells or in human beta -cells is attributed to the cytokine's failure to generate NO in these preparations, not to their reduced sensitivity to NO: the NO donor GEA 3162 (15 min, 50-100 mu mol/l) exerts a comparable necrotic effect in rat and human alpha- or beta -cells. In preparations in which IL-1 beta does mot cause beta -cell necrosis, its combination with gamma -interferon (IFN-gamma) results in NO-independent apoptosis, starting after 3 days and increasing with the duration of exposure. Because IFN-gamma alone was apoptotic far rat alpha -cells, it is proposed that IL-1 beta can make beta -cells susceptible to this effect, conceivably through altering their phenotype. It is concluded that IL-1 beta can cause NO-dependent necrosis or NO-independent apoptosis of islet cells, depending on the species and on the environmental conditions. The experiments in isolated human beta -cell preparations suggest that these cells may preferentially undergo apoptosis when exposed to IL-1 beta plus IFN-gamma unless neighboring non-beta -cells produce toxic NO levels

Mechanism, kinetics and selectivity of selenocyclization of 5-alkenylhydantoins: An experimental and computational study

© 2015 Šmit et al. The mechanism and selectivity of a bicyclic hydantoin formation by selenium-induced cyclization are investigated. The proposed mechanism involves the intermediates formed by an electrophilic addition of the selenium reagent on a double bond of the starting 5-alkenylhydantoin prior the cyclization. These intermediates are readily converted into the more stable cyclic seleniranium cations. A key step of the mechanism is an intramolecular cyclization which is realized through an anti-attack of the internal nucleophile, the amidic nitrogen, to the seleniranium cation yielding the intermediate imidazolinium cations. Their deprotonation is followed by the formation of the fused bicyclic reaction products. Important intermediates and key transition states are studied by using density functional theory (DFT) methods. The pathways of the reaction are investigated in detail. There are two regioselective pathways related to 5-exo and 6-endo products. Theoretical calculations and the monitoring of the cyclization reaction using 1H NMR spectroscopy are in a good agreement with the proposed mechanism and are consistent with our experimental results. The preferred pathway for formation of 5-exo products is confirmed